The Scientific Method an Example by

The Scientific Method When conclusions are induced from observing natural ecological processes, it is possible that the wrong conclusions are made, such as the once-believed notion that frogs originate from mud. When controlled experimentation occurs, results appear that are different from a control experiment. It is therefore possible to see the difference between what normally takes place ecologically and what results from adding a factor. It is more conclusive and scientifically responsible to experiment, rather than observe (Carter 2004). Need essay sample on "The Scientific Method" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Very Often Tell Us: Who wants to write my cultural identity essay for me? EssayLab specialists recommend: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here How To Write A College PaperHow To Write A Research PaperCustom PaperPay For Papers WrittenWrite My PaperWrite Essay For MoneyCoursework Writing ServiceBuy Essay One exotic species that has plagued the Northeast and Southern states is Japanese Barberry, Berberis thunbergii DC. Its negative impact on its environment is choking out resources to other native plants, by taking soil moisture, nutrients, and sunlight for itself and outcompeting other nearby plants. It is also a problem due to its lack of natural animal predators - not many birds or other animals eat it. Its impact could have been lessened by very strict regulation of its introduction and establishment, but once it had begun to proliferate, action to eradicate the plant is necessary. Selective burning has been implemented in some states already (USDA). The scientific method can be applied to ecological problems by recreating situations in the laboratory. If it is known that birds live in an area with high air pollution, birds can be tested for blood levels of the chemicals in the air, and therefore it is discovered how air pollution affects birds in that area. In scientific testing, replication of the experiment is necessary many times; quantitative data is necessary; and conclusions must only be deduced after exhausting all possibilities. The scientific method has been used for many centuries of scientific exploration, and it is necessary for the experimentation of modern ecological issues. There are plenty of humans and animals that live among the testable "conditions" who can participate in studies. Also, current ecological situations can be recreated in labs, in order to carefully control probable factors and therefore discover results without harming either humans or animals (Carter 2004). References "The Scientific Method." J. Stein Carter. November 2004. 6 June 2009. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database. "Plants Profile: Japanese Barberry."http://www.plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=beth. 6 June 2009.

Feasibility Assessment of the Pearl River Tower The WritePass Journal

Feasibility Assessment of the Pearl River Tower References Feasibility Assessment of the Pearl River Tower 1.Introduction:1.1 Background to the Problem:1.2. Substitute Technology:1.2.1. Description of Pearl River Tower:1.1.2. Purpose of the report:2. Method2.1. Criteria2.2. Procedure3. Results3.1. Sustainability and Energy Generation Techniques3.1.1. Sustainability Approach: â€Å"Zero Net Energy†3.1.2 The Active Faà §ade3.1.3 Radiant Ceiling and Below Floor Ventilation3.1.4. Building Integrated Photovoltaics3.1.5 Wind Turbines3.2. Safety:4. RecommendationReferencesRelated This research report provides a feasibility assessment of the Pearl River Tower. The Pearl River Tower upon completion plans to be the most energy efficient and sustainable of all mega structures in the world till present day. Conventional building is preferred due to its economic benefits and amount of time needed for completion of a project, but it is one of the biggest contributors to global warming. Green building, which is perfectly portrayed in the Pearl River Tower, serves as a good solution for the ongoing environmental problem. This report defines the Pearl River Tower and explains the way it functions as well as its numerous benefits. The Pearl River Town is more efficient than and other super tall structures, is economically feasibly, can generate its own energy as well as an additional amount of energy that can be supplied to exterior sources. After a full analysis of each criterion, a recommendation will be reached concerning the implementation of the Pearl River Tower a nd similar green structures. 1.Introduction: 1.1 Background to the Problem: One of the greatest hurdles of the 21st century is the excessive emission of CO2. The environmental conditions are regressing annually and have reached a point where it has become a strain on human and animal life. Buildings and other mega structures are primary contributors to global warming. Classical building’s main concern was purely based on economy, durability, and comfort. However nowadays people have become more aware of the environment, and are therefore taking drastic measures to improve this situation. Some of these measures include green building, which refers to building using energy efficient methods, and shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Buildings are responsible for a minimum of 40% of energy consumption and carbon emissions in most countries (4, para.1). The per capita carbon emission in china was almost five tons in 2008 (average is 4.18 tons per capita), which is about 18% of world emissions (3, para.7). The Chinese government aims to reduce 40-45% of emissions by 2020(6, para.1). International companies are taking on new sustainable and renewable projects, many of which are based in China. Energy-saving technologies in buildings can drastically reduce carbon emissions. The main problem with traditional towers is the consumption of fossil fuels, which results in numerous types of wastes. The methods applied within the structures to generate and consume energy are polluting and hazardous to the environment. They use artificial lighting, cooling, and heating systems that demand a great deal of electricity, which in turn is a result of burning fossil fuels. The glass that these buildings are composed of is another example of the inconvenient methods applied. This glass is called architectural glass that allows the transfer of heat and energy, which leads to the squandering of heat. All these negatives have lead to the development of various renewable energy techniques. Solar energy, wind power, hydropower, biomass, biofuel, and geothermal energy are all types of renewable energy that could be used in green buildings. 1.2. Substitute Technology: The Pearl River Tower was recognized as a major substitute for traditional buildings. It is a structure that is non-hazardous to the environment and that can generate and supply energy. 1.2.1. Description of Pearl River Tower: The Pearl River Tower is a 309.6-meter tower, consisting of 71 floors, and extending over 214,100 square meters of land (5, project facts). This tower, upon completion, is expected to be the most efficient of all the super tall structures in the world. It is located in Guangzhou, China. The Pearl River Tower is designed to generate its own energy using sustainable methods, which decreases its dependency on the electrical network, therefore reducing consumption of fossil fuels required to power it. The design took many aspects into consideration, which included the integrated system’s interdependence and the building site. To achieve the optimum design many factors were studied such as the site, wind direction and speed, material, sun path, energy sources and building alignment. After these numerous studies, the team of engineers and architects where able to combine a number of different systems which include wind turbines, photo-voltaic, active faà §ade, and double wall systems (7, para 7) Although the structure was originally designed to be â€Å"net zero energy†, such that the building is self-sustaining, and any extra power would be sold and sent back to the grid; however, there were modifications to the plan. The tower was optimized in a way to consume 60% less energy than any other conventional building of its size (1, para 1). 1.1.2. Purpose of the report: Constructing â€Å"carbon- neutral† structures has become of major interest to engineers recently. Therefore, the Pearl River Tower would serve as a stepping stone for future designs of green skyscrapers. This report will study the feasibility of the Pearl River Tower through evaluating certain criteria. The closing of the report will include a recommendation of whether to construct green buildings such as the Pearl River Tower. 2. Method 2.1. Criteria We will study the feasibility of the Pearl River Tower by studying various criteria: Sustainability and Energy Generation Techniques: We will study and discuss the methods used to produce energy within the tower, in addition to the structures sustainability. Safety: We will study the effect the tower has on its occupants and its surroundings. Construction process: We will explore the techniques used while constructing the tower and the time needed for completion. Economy: We will consider the cost of the tower and whether the project is economically feasible. Efficiency: We will discuss whether the structure is efficient on the long run. 2.2. Procedure In order to assess the mentioned criteria we gathered information from plenty of sources including a published report released by the Pearl River Tower’s construction company called SOM, numerous online articles, and interviews conducted with university professors. 3. Results 3.1. Sustainability and Energy Generation Techniques 3.1.1. Sustainability Approach: â€Å"Zero Net Energy† The initial approach for the Pearl River Tower was one that would provide â€Å"Zero Net Energy† generated. This approach would require the implementation of four interdependent steps: Reduction: This first step is defined by identifying the possibilities of energy reduction, then proceeding in reducing the amount of energy consumed by the building as much as possible. The focus is on systems with high power consumption such as HVAC (Heating ,Ventilation and Air Conditioning) as well as lighting systems. Absorption: The second step is to include absorption strategies, defined by taking advantage of natural and passive energy sources, such as the sun and the wind. Reclamation: This step in a high performance design aims to recollect all the energy that is already stored within the building. Once energy is added to the building, it could be reused. An example used in the Pearl River Tower is the recirculation of chilled air from AC systems to precool the outside air before it enters the building so that less energy is required to cool it down to required levels. Figure 1 Micro Turbine Installation Generation: this final step aims at generating clean power in an efficient and environmentally friendly manner. The Pearl River Tower implements micro –turbines which are able to generate energy cleaner and more efficiently than what the grid is capable of. It is worthwhile to mention that these turbines can be operated using different typed of fuel such as kerosene, diesel, propane and methane gas. (7,p4) Figure 2 A double walled high performance facade 3.1.2 The Active Faà §ade Nowadays, employment of reflective, fully glazed facades is becoming increasingly common. Their popularity started in Europe and is now spreading across the United States and China. By including a second layer of glass behind the exterior one, the room for increased venting, shading and control application would be increased. The active faà §ade is an application for the reduction strategy mentioned earlier since a dehumidification system could be applied by harnessing the heat collected in the double wall faà §ade. The design of the double walled faà §ade provides benefits such as increased thermal comfort , an improved air quality due to recirculation as well as better lighting due to a transparent nature of the walls. They also provide noise insulation from outside conditions, and that is especially needed if the tower is high enough, since wind speeds at high altitudes would create vortices that produce a lot of noise, as well as the street level floors that have the problem of noise from traffic. Furthermore, the increased penetration of light from the exterior would require less artificial lighting and therefore would lead to saving energy. The cavity also acts as a natural chimney using the cooler air from the occupied office areas to enter the cavity via a gap at floor level to allow fresher air to enter the occupied areas. The trapped hot air in the cavity is extracted through the ceiling void and is used either as a pre-heat or pre-cool depending upon outside air temperatures. The faà §ade then acts as an integral part in our reclamation as well as reduction strategy. 3.1.3 Radiant Ceiling and Below Floor Ventilation As mentioned previously, HVAC operation is one of the more costly operations in a building when it comes to energy. The Pearl River Tower designers therefore implemented new techniques that help cut down on costs. The traditional approach is to dump cold or warm air into the occupational space for it to mix with the ambient air in order to balance out at a comfortable temperature. This approach requires constant energy input for the HVAC system. The designers chose to implement a radiant ceiling and below floor ventilation system in order to provide that comfort from different methods, not just dumping air into a room. The room temperature would be conditioned from above and below simultaneously through a radiative system in the ceiling and a floor air delivery system. This system is effective in cutting down maintenance and operation costs compared to traditional HVAC 3.1.4. Building Integrated Photovoltaics Building integrated photovoltaics as opposed to normal photovoltaics would make up the building exterior instead of being added as an extra feature. In the Pearl River Tower application, the photovoltaics serve a dual purpose: they provide the buildings outer envelope as well as generating electricity gathered from solar radiation. We thus save money and energy by not paying for wall mounting panels, and adding the cost of the photovoltaics as an extension. The system not only provides electricity generation, but it also shades the parts of the tower that are most susceptible to sunlight. 3.1.5 Wind Turbines Figure 3 Building integrated Photovoltaics Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable energy source in the world; so naturally, the Pearl River Tower will have wind turbines installed in an effort to harness the wind’s power, especially at high altitudes, where the wind speeds are highest. Wind turbine performance is also significantly increased in the tower due to their integration with the tower’s architecture. â€Å"The Pearl River tower will implement vertical axis wind turbines, as they are capable of harnessing winds from both prevailing wind directions with minor efficiency loss.†(7 p8) Figure 5 Wind portal opening The tower will have 4 large openings that are designed to decrease wind drag forces and optimize wind velocity. It is in those openings that the wind turbines will be installed. A model of the building with the openings was studied in a wind turbine and results showed â€Å"If the wind strikes the building perpendicular to the opening, there is a drop in portal velocity. However, from almost all other angles, the wind velocity increase exceeds the ‘ambient’ wind speeds.† (7 p 9). Therefore by placing vertical axis wind turbines, one in each of those 4 openings, a sustainabl e and renewable energy source would be provided year round. It is noteworthy to mention that those turbines are low maintenance, low noise and low vibration devices that will not prove to be a nuisance to people in the building. Figure 4 Vertical axis wind turbine 3.2. Safety: The tower is beneficial for both lives inside and outside of it. Because it emits less greenhouse gasses it is prone to be less hazardous to the surrounding environment. The systems used within the tower have proved to provide a health and safe environment for its occupants. The double wall system provides a big amount of natural light into the building therefore lessening the necessity for artificial light (7, para6). This in turn affects the comfort of the human eye. The photovoltaic panels are located on the roof level of the tower therefore protecting the roof occupants from the direct and harmful effect of UV-rays. (7, para8)The absence of electric fans and air conditioners in the building in addition to the ventilation system installed, has improved indoor air quality and reduced the humidity. All these factors improve inhabitant’s comfort and productivity, and maintain a health environment. 4. Recommendation The sum of all the sustainable and renewable methods employed in the Pearl River Tower led to a significant reduction in energy consumption. Although initial design was for the building to rely solely on those methods, the project cannot be considered as a failure, only as an achievement and stepping stone for future green buildings. The implementation of all those systems and ideas prove that the concept of a â€Å"zero energy† superstructure is within our reach in the near future and is not as crazy an idea as initially conceived. It is important to note that the micro turbines were dropped from the project since the power company in Guangzhou would not allow resale of electricity, and therefore the use of micro turbines, although beneficial, would not justify their cost of installation and operation and in an economically wise decision, they were removed from the design. Their addition would have further increased efficiency to a great extent. After the results achieved, it is only logical to expect a rise in green buildings around the world, especially with the rapid progress of new technology in sustainable energy, and ultimately a â€Å"zero energy† superstructure will be constructed. Till then, the investors in such buildings would need government cooperation in order to continue their pioneering efforts in creating a more sustainable and healthier mode of living. References Frechette III, R. E. (2009). Seeking Zero Energy. Retrieved on march 14th, 2011 from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=113sid=decf7698-dfb6-44e8-bd01-69ee6db3a178%40sessionmgr115vid=2 Fortmeyer, R. (2011). SOM’s Pearl River Tower. Architectural Records (archive). Retrieved on march 14th, 2011 from: http://archrecord.construction.com/features/archives/0612casestudy-1.asp Go, K. (2010 , 02 , 01). World’s most energy efficient building to rise in China. Shanghai News. Retrieved on march 14th, 2011 from: ecoseed.org/en/energy-efficiency/green-buildings/article/79-green-buildings/6053-world%E2%80%99s-most-energy-efficient-building-to-rise-in-china- Richerzhagen, C. (2008). Energy efficiency in buildings: a contribution of China to mitigate climate change. Retrieved on march 14th, 2011 som.com/content.cfm/pearl_river_tower evonik.cn/region/greater_china/en/company/news/low-carbon-economy/Pages/default.aspx Frechette, R. , Gilchrist, R.(2008) ‘Towards Zero Energy’ A Case Study of the Pearl River Tower, Guangzhou, China. CTBUH 8th World Congress 2008.

Coup de fil - French Expression

Coup de fil - French Expression Expression: Un coup de filPronunciation: [koo d(eu) feel]Meaning: phone call​Literal translation: line hitRegister: informalNotes: The French expression un coup de fil is an informal* term for a phone call, and its usually used with one of three verbs: donner un coup de fil ( quelquun) -to make a phone call, to give (someone) a call passer un coup de fil ( quelquun) -to make a phone call, to give (someone) a call recevoir un coup de fil (de quelquun) -to receive/get a phone call (from someone) Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Passe-moi / Donne-moi un coup de fil  !  Ã‚  Ã‚  Give me a call!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai reà §u un coup de fil de mon frà ¨re.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I got a call from my brother, My brother called me.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Juste un coup de fil et je pars.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just a phone call and Im leaving. (I just have to make a phone call and then Im leaving). Synonyms   Ã‚  Ã‚  *The normal (as opposed to informal) terms are un coup de tà ©là ©phone, un appel, and un appel tà ©là ©phonique.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other ways to say to call (someone) are passer/donner un coup de tà ©là ©phone ( quelquun), tà ©là ©phoner ( quelquun), and appeler (quelquun). More Expressions with donnerExpressions with passerExpressions with coupExpressions with deOn the phoneMost common French phrases

Individual report information Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual report information - Coursework Example These include Hosfede and Trompenaars models among others. This paper aims at demonstrating how multinationals can manage and lead people across the border as well as how the expatriates can be made to improve on their productivity through proper hiring and training them among other motivational factors. Geert Hofstede analysis Due to the use of technology people who are from different workplace do interact in many ways since the world has been globalised. Hofstede cultural dimension theory tries to explain how people from different cultures do communicate and intermingle together due to technology. To explain the theory, Hofstede carried a research on employees and was put in five dimensions of culture. Power distance (PD) Power distance explains how imbalance power exists to individuals either in firms or even in homestead. For example high power distance in the society encourages for unequal distribution of power while a low PD encourages equal power sharing among the members (Chu lman, 1999). In country like Malaysia, a high PD exists among the companies and thus the companies are centralized and management is under strong hierarchical powers from top management to lower level. Individualism (IDV) High individualism shows how one has a loose connection to others and this can also be related in countries which have high IDV meaning the countries have no strong connection with other countries. Low IDV indicates strongly groups among the countries or individual who work together for common goal (Rutherford, 1990). High IDV indicates that a country like US has one of characteristic that it enjoys challenges and in turn it will have to be rewarded due to the hard work and enjoyment of freedom since it will base its challenges as personal and will not involve other stakeholders. Masculinity (MAS) In country like Japan male are regarded as tough due to traditions and seen as superior than females since they are the provider in the families. In high MAS a female wor king in the firm is underrated and thus treated as feminine while in low MAS male and female works together without looking at the professionalism of individuals. The traditions are erased in the society and thus a female can do what a male can do. Uncertainty/Avoidance Index (UAI) Uncertainty considers how individual in the society feel when they are in unknown situation. In high UAI, individual tries to avoid as much as possible and when the situation is unknown they are emotional (Jonathan, 2011). In low UAI, individuals are ready to risk and change is regarded as important to the growth of firms. Individual are concerned with long term goals and not what is currently taking place. Long term orientation (LTO) This shows how traditions to the society still exist up to date. For example, in high LTO families are regarded as the root of the society, grandparents and men are the most respected and authority comes from them (Davis, 2004). Education is a must to the society while low L TO encourages individual to be more creative and respect must be shown to the others in the society. According to Hofstede the theory is important and should be practiced by individuals in their life. Trompenaars theory The theory is based on understanding and how one can manage cultural differences. Universalism versus particularism Universalism is based on individual ownership of property and can be shared when one is willing while particularism is state ownership of prop

The Role of Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Role of Corporations - Essay Example The main aim of an organization can be anything ranging from profit to gaining market share, but the way it achieves this goal matters a lot. There are certain responsibilities and obligations that the organization has towards various groups and situations. It may be impossible to discuss every ethical obligation to a corporation because there are so many. These range from production of bad goods like tobacco to treating the employees fairly. Mark Pastin in his book, 'The Hard Problems of Management: Gaining the Ethics Edge', has attempted to summarize this by providing four principles for that are necessary in order for an organization to be ethical. The organization must interact with all stakeholders without problems, so that these groups feel that they are a part of the organization. Secondly, the organization must be very critical about fairness. This implies to everyone involved in or with the organization. It must be fair to its employees, competitors, shareholders, clients etc. Everyone in this organization must be responsible for his own actions. Lastly, the organization must operate in a way which will ensure that its environment does not suffer. (Carter McNamara, 1997) Doug Wallace also gave six characteristics that are necessary for an organization in order for it to be ethical in its practices. His characteristics have a lot to do with integrity. Firstly, everyone in the organization must realize the importance of integrity and apply it in its practice. The top management must be responsible for creating this vision of integrity. Thirdly, this vision of integrity must be applied in the way every member of the organization is rewarded. Every policy and practice must be associated with integrity. Every management decision must also be made after considering the ethical dimension. Lastly, the stakeholders in the organization might have conflict of interest and an ethical organization must find a way to solve these conflicts with integrity. (Carter McNamara, 1997) The Need for Appropriate Actions Following a code of ethic will definitely have a positive effect on the organization. It gives a good impression of the organization where ethics and values are of the utmost importance. It gives employees the impression that the organization is serious about meeting ethical standards. This promotes values amongst them. According to the National Association of Social Workers, the purpose of code of ethics is to categorize the values of what their work is based on, it also uses its ethical standards to guide how the business should be carried out, it also guides those that are new to the profession, and lastly, it tells the public who to hold accountable. (NASW, 2008) Ethical management practice does not mean that the corporation will profit financially, because more than that, it will benefit in terms of honesty and fair dealing. Ethical management practice also increases productivity. The employees of a company are a very important part. When they start to believe that they are being treated fairly, they will be positively affected and hence, they will be motivated to increase productivity. It also positively affects how the suppliers, consumers, government and various other outside groups see the company. (Answers.com, 2008) The Optimal Ethical, Decision-Making Processes In order to

Critically evaluate the claim that culture is best understood as a system of symbolic classification Essay Example for Free

Critically evaluate the claim that culture is best understood as a system of symbolic classification Essay Introduction                      This essay will focus on evaluating the claim that culture is perfectly understood as a symbolic classification system. Culture can be defined as cumulative deposit of beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, values, experience, roles, meanings, spatial relations, hierarchies, notions of time, possessions and material objects obtained by a group of individuals in the course of the generations through group and individual thriving. Culture involves patterns implicit and explicit, for and of behavior obtained and conveyed through symbols, representing the unique achievement of the human groups, comprising of their personifications in artifacts; the fundamental core of culture include the traditional ideas and particularly their emotionally involved values; culture systems on the other hand may be deemed as products of action. A symbol refers to any object, usually material, meant to stand for another, even though there is no significant relationship. Typically culture is founded on a shared set of meanings and symbols. Symbolic culture allows human communication and therefore must be taught. The symbolic culture is more adaptable and malleable than biological evolution. Humans subconsciously and consciously, strive always in making logic of their surrounding world. Some symbols like objects, words, gestures and signs assist individuals in understanding the world. Usually symbols offer clues in understanding the experiences. They usually express familiar meanings which are shared by the societies. Uniform and badge held by police officers represent symbols of law or authority enforcement. When an officer is seen wearing a uniform or in a squad car enhances reassurance in man citizens, and anger, fear, or annoyance among others (Browne et al, 1990, p38-p42). The world has countless symbols. Company logos, traffic signs and sports uniforms are some of the symbols. A gold sign in some cultures symbolizes marriage. There are some symbols which are very functional; for example, stop signs offers valuable instruction. They belong to the material culture since they are physical objects, however they function like symbols, in addition they pass on nonmaterial cultural meanings. Some of the symbols are only helpful in what they signify. Gold medals, trophies and blue ribbons, for instance, provide no other function other than representing the accomplishments. However numerous objects have both nonmaterial and material symbolic value. Symbols are usually taken for granted easily. Few individuals challenge or even consider sticking the figure signs on the public bathrooms’ doors. However those figures signs are more than being mere symbols which informs women and men which bathrooms they are supposed to use. Also they uphold the value, in U SA, that restrooms ought to be gender exclusive. Even if stalls are comparatively private, most places do not offer bathrooms that are unisex (Hoijer, 1954, p. 14). Symbols frequently get recognized when used out of context. Symbols express strong messages and are used unconventionally. Even destruction of symbols is perceived to be symbolic. Effigies signifying public figures are beaten so as to express anger at particular leaders. Crowds in 1989 tore down Berlin wall a symbols which decades-old of the division between West and East, capitalism and communism. While diverse cultures have different systems of symbols however language is common to all. Language refers to a symbolic system by which individuals’ converse and through which the culture is spread. Various languages include a system of symbols utilized for written communication, whereas others rely on nonverbal actions and spoken communication. Societies regularly share one language, and a lot of languages have the same fundamental components. An alphabet refers to a written system which is made of symbolic shapes which refer to sound which is spoken. These symbols taken together , express definite meanings. English alphabet employs a mixture of 26 letters in order to create words; where these 26 letters create over 600,000 English words which are recognized (Smith, 2001, p. 46). Case study 1                      Additionally, through using language, individuals’ converse without using words. The communication which is nonverbal is symbolic, and, similar to the case of language, a lot of it is learned by the individual’s culture. Various signals are almost universal: crying regularly represents sadness and smiles frequently signify joy. Additional nonverbal symbols differ across the cultural backgrounds in their meaning. For instance, a thumbs-up symbol in the United States shows positive support, while in Australia and Russia, it signifies an offensive curse. Various gestures differ in meaning depending with the individual and the situation. A symbol of waving the hand can represent numerous things, considering for whom it is done and how it’s done. It may signify â€Å"no thank you,† â€Å"hello,† or â€Å"I’m royalty,† or â€Å"goodbye.† Winks express a range of messages, comprising of â€Å"Iâ€⠄¢m only kidding,† or â€Å"I’m attracted to you,† Or â€Å"We have a secret.† From a distance, an individual can comprehend the emotional idea of two individuals in conversation just through examining their facial expressions and body language. Folded arms and Furrowed brows signify a serious topic, perhaps a disagreement. Smiles, with arms open and heads lifted, imply a cheerful, friendly conversation (Durkheim, 2003, p. 41). Case study two                      Even though language is possibly the most apparent system of symbols that used in communication, numerous things we do express a symbolic meaning. For instance, of the way individuals dress and what it signifies to other individuals. The manner in which a person dress symbolically communicates to other people if that individual care about academics or if he or she is a fan of their schools football group, or it might converse that the individual is a fan of punk music or has adopted an anarchist philosophy. In various urban settings, the symbolic meaning of individuals clothes can signify gang connection. Other gang associates use these symbolic sartorial signs to identify allies or enemies. Anthropologists argues that, through their evolution course, individuals evolved a universal individual capacity to categorize experiences, as well as encoding and communicating them symbolically, like with language which is written. Due to the fact that symboli c systems were learned as well as being taught, they started developing independently of the biological evolution. Since this capacity for social learning and symbolic thinking is a human evolution product confuses older arguments regarding nurture versus nature. This view of culture shows that individuals who live away from each other begin develops distinct cultures. Basics of different cultures, but, can spread easily from one group of individuals to another. Belief that culture is coded symbolically and can, consequently, can be taught from one individual to another, meaning that cultures can change even if they are bounded. Culture is dynamic can be learned and taught, which makes it a rapid adaption form potentially to variations in the physical conditions. Anthropologists usually view culture both as supplement and product of the biological evolution; culture can be perceived as the core means of human version to the world which is natural (Middleton, 2002, p.16). The above view of culture as symbolic system with the adaptive functions varying from one place to another, made the anthropologists to conceive of various cultures as described through different structures or patterns of continuing conventional meaning sets. These meanings took solid form in diversity of artifacts like rituals and myths, tools, well as the planning of villages and the design of housing. Anthropologists differentiate between symbolic culture and material culture, not only since each signifies distinct types of human activity, however also because they comprise of different forms of data that necessitate dissimilar methodologies to study. The culture sociology relates to culture since it is evident in the society: the ways of acting, the ways of thinking and the material objects that collectively shape the individual’s way of life. In regard to Max Weber, the symbols are very essential features of culture: individuals employ symbols to convey their spirituality as well as the spiritual side of actual events, and perfect interests are obtained from the symbols (Smith, 2001, p.21-24). In accordance with the sociologists, symbols composes one of the five essential basics of culture, the others being norms, values, language and beliefs. Symbolic anthropology perceives culture as independent system of meaning decoded through interpreting the key rituals and symbols (Werness, 2000, p.37). In conclusion, it is evident that culture is as set of symbolic classifications, referred to as a group of symbols which can prearranged into a paradigmatic set, frequently hierarchical. These systems of classifications show a world view or tribal order. Languages are constituted of the systems of classifications like grammars. Grammars classify number, person and time. Cultures consist of unconscious classifications which include relatives, plants, colors and animals. References Browne, R. B., Fishwick, M. W., Browne, K. O. (1990). Dominant symbols in popular culture. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. Durkheim, E. (2003). Emile Durkheim sociologist of modernity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub..Hoijer, H. (1954). Language in culture: conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Middleton, J. (2002). Culture. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub..Smith, P. (2001). Cultural theory: cn introduction. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell :. Werness, H. B. (2000). The Continuum encyclopedia of native art: worldview, symbolism, and culture in Africa, Oceania, and native North America. New York: Continuum. Source document

The Art Of Keeping Cool :: essays research papers

The Art of keeping cool This story took place in 1942 during World War II; the war in Europe was threatening to come over to the United States. There were rumors flying about German submarines being spotted just off the coast and traitors being discovered only a few towns away. Therefore, if you were friends with a German, it would be a problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main characters are Robert and his cousin Elliot, there’s Robert’s mom, and his little 5 year-old sister, they lived in a farm but then they all went to Sachem’s Head to live with Robert’s grandparents, his aunt Nan and uncle Jake, just until his father returns from fighting overseas. His dad was a bomber pilot in Europe. Elliot, the cousin, was the ‘difficult’ type of person; he would put barricades and expect you to climb over them. Elliot would have his ‘personal world’, not letting others in easily, and he would ignore you if necessary, just so he could stay by himself, so he wouldn’t need to give any explanations to anyone. But he didn’t have many defenses, as mentioned in the story; Robert could look into his eyes and see everything he was feeling. There was a German artist who lived near the beach in a shack, Abel Hoffman, and he was suspected of being a Nazi spy, because he was always observing at the beach, but it was actually for his paintings. But Elliot was friends with Abel, because he wanted to learn how to paint just like Abel, but no one seemed to understand. Even Robert doubted about the German that was always observing the shore, worried about Elliot’s friendship with the artist, which could be a big problem at the time. Elliot’s house was full of secrets about the past of the family. Nobody in this house talked about Robert’s father; they wouldn’t even mention his name. Nobody even dares talking at all in the house. The grandfather was always angry and he was a mean-tempered person. What Robert wanted to know was what the whole family was hiding from him. He was always asking questions, even if it made his grandfather mad. It seemed that everyone else in the family knew something Robert didn’t, and that bothered him a lot, he would do anything to know about the secrets of his family’s past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war doesn’t just threaten to come to Sachem’s Head.

The Roman Empire and Classical Greece

The Roman Empire and Classical Greece were undeniably two of the greatest societies in history. As far as the political and cultural developments of the two civilizations, the Roman Empire's (approximately the first five centuries of the Common Era) form of government contrasted with that of Classical Greece (approximately 500 B. C. E to 300 B. C. E. ), however the two societies shared similar enthusiasm for literature as well as almost identical religious beliefs.An extremely prominent characteristic of Classical Greece was its decentralized form of government. There, the nation was divided into several polises, or city-states. Each polis had its own government system – which could be a monarchy (the most common), a Tyranny, an Oligarchy, or a Democracy (Athens being the world's first). This is very strange compared to the government of Rome. The Roman Empire was centralized and ruled by one solitary man: the Emperor. Although the senate had some influence of the Roman govern ment, the Emperor held absolute power.Centralization and absolute power was necessary in the large Roman Empire because the vast amount of land being controlled was too much for Rome as a republic to handle. This was not the case in Classical Greece, which was much smaller, and could allow its polises to make their own decisions to keep the people happy. For this reason, we see a difference in the styles of governments of the two societies. Despite this difference though, Classical Greece and The Roman Empire still shared love and support of literature. Several great works of literature came from Classical Greece.During the classical era, many genres of western literature became more prominent. This includes lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy, histories, philosophical writings, government writings, and more. Many works from this time became classics in our world today. The Romans also had a strong emphasis on literature and they wrote almos t everything of significance down. It was essential for the Romans to keep extensive written government records on order for them to organize their extremely large empire.Literature was able to strive in both the Roman Empire and Classical Greece because of the emphasis both societies had on education. Without this, neither would have the educated authors, poets, and philosophers needed to produce the great literature that they did. Furthermore, Classical Athens and the Roman Empire shared almost identical religious beliefs. For almost every Greek God, there is a corresponding Roman God. For example, for Zeus there is Jupiter, for Aphrodite there is Venus, Poseidon there is Neptune, and for Hades there is Pluto.The list goes on to include more of the major as well as minor gods, although some gods, such as Apollo, have the same name in each religion. In Rome, despite the change of name, the gods play the same role and have indistinguishable powers to their Greek counterparts. The re ason behind this similarity is that when Rome was developing into a strong civilization, leaders saw the accomplishments of the Greece, especially Athens, and decided to adopt their gods in hopes of reaching the same success.To make them their own, they simply changed the names. Unmistakably similar in their belief systems and love of literature, and at the same time clearly diverse in their forms of government, Classical Greece and the Roman Empire were able to share similarities as well as differences in their cultural and political developments that enabled them to become the prominent and strong civilizations that they did.

Bad Popcorn In Big Buckets

The research questions were clearly stated with both dependent (9 point Rickart scale questionnaire) and independent variables (large v average sized containers and stale v fresh popcorn) identified. Study was a randomly controlled trial, 2 x 2 between-subjects design.Participants were randomly given either a 120 gram or a 240 gram container of pre-weighed, fresh or stale popcorn to eat while viewing the movie; after the movie the containers and remaining popcorn were re-weighed to determine measures of consumption; participants were also required to complete a 9-point Rickart scale questionnaire in order to measure perceived taste and to write a description of the in order to measure palatability of the popcorn, and to write a description of this palatability and whether they considered the size of the containers as having any impact on the amount they consumed.Location: Philadelphian cinema – ‘Stargate’ movie. Subjects: 158 viewers of the movie, 57. 6% male; fre sh popcorn – average-sized containers: n=38 and larger-sized containers n=40, stale popcorn – average container: n=39 and large container, n=40; means and ANOVA results (analysis of variance) indicated that participants in each randomized sample were comparable in age (28. 9, 30. 4, 29. 0 and 27. 2 years of age, F=0. 465, P>0. 20), and gender mix (57%, 60%, 62%, 54% male, chi-square = 0.522, P>0. 20. Findings: regression coefficients show that those given fresh popcorn ate 45. 3% more from large containers (85. 6 vs 58. 9 grams, F1, 76=38. 6, P,0. 01) The size of container proved to have compelling influence on consumption, which was higher for both fresh and stale popcorn (45. 3% and 33. 6% respectively) when eaten from the large containers, even when regarded as unpalatable (disliked) by participants (50. 8 vs 38. 0 grams, F 1,77=8.73, P. 0. 01). Fresh popcorn however, procured a larger increase in consumption than the stale (F1, 154=7. 42, P

Understanding Food Addiction As The Neurophysical Cause Of Obesity

Understanding Food Addiction As The Neurophysical Cause Of Obesity Free Online Research Papers ABSTRACT Obesity is a very common condition in our society. In the United States, obesity is second only to tobacco as the leading cause of preventable death, and the gap is growing closer every year. Obesity has become an epidemic today. How and why can a person eat so much food until their very life is at risk? The answer is food addiction. When the consumption of food becomes an habitual event, not for survival bur for pleasure and/or physical dependence, it is known as an addiction. Food addiction can be compared with substance abuse to find striking similarities. Specific foods are capable of promoting addiction-like behavior and physical changes in the brain. Understanding Food Addiction As The Neurophysical Cause of Obesity Food addiction is often diagnosed by an obsession of food, weight and a general loss of control over how much food is eaten. It includes a compulsive pursuit of a change in emotional state by repeatedly eating various kinds of food in any amount just in order to elevate ones mood. Often these eating activities are done despite the threat of adverse consequences. The actual term food addiction is defined as a physical, biochemical condition of the body that creates cravings for refined carbohydrates, sugar and fat (Katherine M.A., Ann, 1996). These cravings and their underlying biochemistry can be compared to an alcoholics carving for alcohol or a junkies craving for drugs. In the food addicts mind, there is a constant preoccupation with thoughts about getting, preparing and eating food. Because the food addict usually eats too much, the consequence is gaining weight, which eventually leads to obesity. The medical community at large had not yet fully embraced the possibility that food can be addictive. Until the mid 1930s, society treated drunks the same way that it treats food addiction today. Since addiction is a behavioral problem, one must decide whether or not addiction to food can really be called on addiction. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, or the DSM IV-TR, has seven named criteria for substance dependence (APA, 2000): 1. Tolerance to substance. 2. Withdrawal symptoms from substance. 3. Taking the substance in larger amounts to relieve withdrawal. 4. Persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to control use of substance. 5. Spending a great deal of time obtaining or recovering from effects of substance. 6. Giving up social, occupational or recreational activities because of substance. 7. Continuing use of substance despite knowledge of causing or exacerbating a physical or psychological problem. These seven criteria can be used to qualify addiction to any substance. Food should not be excluded. It is true that certain foods, just like certain drugs, can be addictive. The common factor is the refinement process. Addictive foods have the same origin as addictive chemicals. They were once a form of plant life that has undergone the refinement process in order to be ingested into the body by eating, drinking, inhaling or injecting (Katherine M.A., Ann, 1996). The refinement process facilitates quick absorption of substances into the bloodstream which effectively alters brain chemistry and changes in mood by flooding the brain with neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine. Food addicts seek this mood change by eating refined and processed food. This results in short-term highs, followed by long term lows and depression. In order to avoid the low, the addict eats more food to feel better. Unfortunately for most, the reaction is that they often feel worse because in doing so, the brain is flooded with neurotransmitter activity. The brain chemical dopamine – the neurotransmitter associated with triggering feelings of satisfaction and pleasure – plays a significant role in the eating patterns of a food addict. According to a study done at Brookhaven National Laboratory, research scientists have linked dopamine to many addiction related activities seen in obese subjects (Wang et al, 2001). Dopamine is a chemical that helps humans feel pleasure when eating food. This slightly high feeling is a part of our system that causes us to want to seek and eat food at regular intervals in order for the species to survive over time. Be it that this system has a natural basis that helped our ancestors continue to live on this planet, today food is not just seen a mode of survival, but as pleasure for the food addict. When a person overeats, dopamine is flooded into the brain. To accommodate this overload, studies show that dopamine receptors become depleted over time direct response to the flood. This happens so that the brain does not become over stimulated when unnecessary food is eaten. With fewer dopamine receptors in the brain, a person would have to eat more food more often to get that same good feeling. This is the pattern that is so similar to drug addiction and alcoholism. The more the user takes , the greater the reduction of receptor sites, causing them to ingest larger amounts of addictive substances over time to produce the desired effect. When the tolerance level is high enough, withdrawal symptoms will follow because the brain becomes physically dependent on the continuous overflow of neurotransmitters. The Brookhaven scientists have done extensive research showing that obese people may eat more food than normal eaters in order to try and stimulate the dopamine pleasure circuits in their brains, just like a drug addict or an alcoholic. The results from this study suggests that strategies aimed at improving dopamine function might be beneficial in the treatment of obese individuals, says physician Gene-Jack Wang, the lead scientist on the study (Tartaglia, 2001). Since eating, like the use of addictive drugs, is highly reinforcable behavior, inducing feelings of gratification and pleasure, we suspected that obese people might have abnormalities in brain dopamine activity as well, says psychiatrist Nora Volkow, who was also involved in the Brookhaven study (Tartaglia, 2001). Another study at Brookhaven showed brain-imaging of genetically obese rats that provided more evidence in support of food addiction (Walsh, 2007). Neuroscientist Peter Thanos found that these rats had lower levels of dopamine D2 receptors than lean rats. Also, the study showed that food restriction increased the number of D2 receptors over time. The actual brain scans were done when the rats were one month old and again at four months old. The obese rats that had restricted diets showed a marked increase in D2 receptors that were not present at one month old. Processed and refined foods have dozens of ingredients that can trigger an addictive response. Sugar is one of the substances in particular has been studied by medical and scientific research. It has been found that sugar can be just as addictive as cocaine (Lenoir et al, 2007). The findings of Serge Ahmed, PhD., a scientist who specializes in food addiction, clearly demonstrated in his research that intense sweetness from sugar surpasses even cocaine reward. His cocaine addicted lab rats consistently chose sugar over cocaine. When the rats were then deprived of the sugar, they worked even harder to get it and then consumed more sugar than they had eaten previously. When the sugar was restricted again, the rats teeth chattered and they did not want to socialize. This ultimately suggests craving and withdrawal behaviors. Most of our food supply has been processed and refined to a point that it has become more of a drug and less of a nutrient. In an average grocery store you will find whole aisled of food that contain no food in them at all. For food addicts, these types of highly refined foods act as a mood-altering drug with numerous negative health consequences. Some say that the food industry intentionally alters the taste of processed foods in order the purposely create an addiction to them in order to make money. In their defense, producers of highly palatable and unhealthy foods simply claim that most people can consume these products safely and that we need only to concentrate our effort on the small proportion of people with a food addiction (Katherine, 2006). Americas increasing epidemic of obesity tells the story of how processed and refined adversely effects our society. Traditionally, food addiction has been treated as an eating disorder. Doing so has not been found to be effective for food addicts. It is clearly more accurate, as research has shown, to treat food addiction as substance dependence where the substance is refined processed foods. Treating this condition takes abstinence from the substance and support and counseling through the withdrawal period. Next should be more public education as to the nature of food addiction and its many effects on the body. A food addict needs recovery, not drugs and surgery. REFERNENCES American Psychiatric Association, . (2000). Substance Dependence. Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders, 4th edition, text revision. Retrieved (2009, November 11) from behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/subdep.htm Katherine M.A., Ann, . (1996). Anatomy of a food addiction: the brain chemistry of overeating. Carlsbad, CA: Gurze Books. Lenoir , Magalie, Fuschia Serre, Lauriane Cantin, Serge H. Ahmed, . (2007). Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward. PLoS ONE 2, 8(698), Retrieved November 7, 2009,from plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000698 Tartaglia , Dennis, . (2001, January 31). Scientists find link between dopamine and obesity. Retrieved November 7, 2009, from http://news.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-2/Scientists-find-link-between-dopamine-and-obesity-9423-1/ Walsh, Karen McNulty, . (2007, October 25). Food restriction increases dopamine receptor levels in obese rats. Retrieved November 7, 2009,from bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=07-97 Wang , Gene-Jack, Nora D Volkow, Jean Logan, Naomi R Pappas, Christopher T Wong, Wei Zhu, Noelwah Netusil, Joanna S Fowler, . (2001). Brain dopamine and obesity. The Lancet, (9253, pages 354-357), Retrieved November 7, 2009,from http://foodaddictionsummit.org/docs/11Noble.pdf Research Papers on Understanding Food Addiction As The Neurophysical Cause Of ObesityGenetic EngineeringThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationLifes What IfsUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

The Directory, Consulate End of the French Revolution

The Directory, Consulate End of the French Revolution The Constitution of Year III With the Terror over, the French Revolutionary wars once again going in Frances favor and the stranglehold of the Parisians on the revolution broken, the National Convention began to devise a new constitution. Chief in their aims was the need for stability. The resulting constitution was approved on April 22nd and was once again begun with a declaration of rights, but this time a list of duties was also added. All male taxpayers over 21 were citizens who could vote, but in practice, the deputies were chosen by assemblies in which only citizens who owned or rented property and who paid a set sum of tax each year could sit. The nation would thus be governed by those who had a stake in it. This created an electorate of roughly a million, of which 30,000 could sit in the resulting assemblies. Elections would take place yearly, returning a third of the required deputies each time. The legislature was bicameral, being comprised of two councils. The lower Council of Five Hundred proposed all legislation but did not vote, while the upper Council of Elders, which was composed of married or widowed men over forty, could only pass or reject legislation, not propose it. Executive power lay with five Directors, which were chosen by the Elders from a list provided by the 500. One retired each year by lot, and none could be chosen from the Councils. The aim here was a series of checks and balances on power. However, the Convention also decided that two-thirds of the first set of council deputies had to be members of the National Convention. The Vendà ©miaire Uprising The two-thirds law disappointed many, further fuelling a public displeasure at the Convention which had been growing as food once again became scarce. Only one section in Paris was in favor of the law and this led to the planning of an insurrection. The Convention responded by summoning troops to Paris, which further inflamed support for the insurrection as people feared that the constitution would be forced onto them by the army. On October 4th, 1795 seven sections declared themselves insurrectionary and ordered their units of National Guard to gather ready for action, and on the 5th over 20,000 insurgents marched on the Convention. They were stopped by 6000 troops guarding vital bridges, who had been placed there by a deputy called Barras and a General called Napoleon Bonaparte. A standoff developed but violence soon ensued and the insurgents, who had been very effectively disarmed in the preceding months, were forced to retreat with hundreds killed. This failure marked the last time Parisians attempted to take charge, a turning point in the Revolution. Royalists and Jacobins The Councils soon took their seats and the first five Directors was Barras, who had helped save the constitution, Carnot, a military organizer who had once been on the Committee of Public Safety, Reubell, Letourneur and La Revellià ©re-Là ©peaux. Over the next few years, the Directors maintained a policy of vacillating between Jacobin and Royalist sides to try and negate both. When Jacobins were in the ascendant the Directors closed their clubs and rounded up terrorists and when the royalists were rising their newspapers were curbed, Jacobins papers funded and sans-culottes released to cause trouble. The Jacobins still tried to force their ideas through by planning uprisings, while the monarchists looked to the elections to gain power. For their part, the new government grew increasingly dependent on the army to maintain itself. Meanwhile, sectional assemblies were abolished, to be replaced with a new, centrally controlled body. The sectionally controlled National Guard also went, replaced with a new and centrally controlled Parisian Guard. During this period a journalist called Babeuf began calling for the abolition of private property, common ownership and the equal distribution of goods; this is believed to the first instance of full communism being advocated. The Fructidor Coup The first elections to take place under the new regime occurred in year V of the revolutionary calendar. The people of France voted against the former Convention deputies (few were re-elected), against the Jacobins, (almost none were returned) and against the Directory, returning new men with no experience instead of those the Directors favored. 182 of the deputies were now royalist. Meanwhile, Letourneur left the Directory and Barthà ©lemy took his place. The results worried both the Directors and the nation’s generals, both concerned that the royalists were growing greatly in power. On the night of September 3-4th the ‘Triumvirs’, as Barras, Reubell and La Revellià ©re-Là ©peaux were increasingly known, ordered troops to seize Parisian strong points and surround the council rooms. They arrested Carnot, Barthà ©lemy and 53 council deputies, plus other prominent royalists. Propaganda was sent out stating that there had been a royalist plot. The Fructidor Coup against the monarchists was this swift and bloodless. Two new Directors were appointed, but the council positions were left vacant. The Directory From this point on the Second Directory rigged and annulled elections to keep their power, which they now began to use. They signed the peace of Campo Formio with Austria, leaving France at war with just Britain, against whom an invasion was planned before Napoleon Bonaparte led a force to invade Egypt and threaten British interests in Suez and India. Tax and debts were revamped, with a two-thirds bankruptcy and the reintroduction of indirect taxes on, among other things, tobacco and windows. Laws against à ©migrà ©s returned, as did refractory laws, with refusals being deported. The elections of 1797 were rigged at every level to minimize royalist gains and support the Directory. Only 47 out of 96 departmental results were not altered by a scrutinizing process. This was the coup of Florà ©al and it tightened the Directors grip over the councils. However, they were to weaken their support when their actions, and the behavior of France in international politics, led to a renewal of war and the return of conscription. The  Coup of Prairial By  the start of 1799, with war, conscription and action against refractory priests dividing the nation, confidence in the Directory to bring about the much-desired peace and stability was gone. Now Sieyà ¨s, who had turned down the chance to be one of the original Directors, replaced Reubell, convinced he could effect change. Once again it became obvious the Directory would rig the elections, but their grip on the councils was waning and on June 6th the Five Hundred summoned the Directory and subjected them to an attack over its poor war  record. Sieyà ¨s was new and without blame, but the other Directors didnt know how to respond. The Five Hundred declared a permanent session until the Directory replied; they also declared that one Director, Treilhard, had risen to the post illegally and ousted him. Gohier replaced Treilhard and immediately sided with Sieyà ¨s, as Barras, always the opportunist, also did. This was followed by the Coup of Prairial where the Five Hundred, continuing their attack on the Directory, forced the remaining two Directors out. The councils had, for the first time, purged the Directory, not the other way round, pushing three out of their jobs. The Coup of Brumaire and the End of the Directory The Coup of Prairial had been masterfully orchestrated by Sieyà ¨s, who was now able to dominate the Directory, concentrating power almost wholly in his hands. However, he was not satisfied and when a Jacobin resurgence had been put down and confidence in the military once again grew he decided to take advantage and force a change in the government by use of military power. His first choice of general, the tame Jourdan, had recently died. His second, the Director Moreau, wasnt keen. His third,  Napoleon Bonaparte, arrived back in Paris on October 16th. Bonaparte was greeted with crowds celebrating his success: he was their undefeated and triumphant general and he met with Sieyà ¨s soon after. Neither liked the other, but they agreed on an alliance to force constitutional change. On November 9th Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon’s brother and president of the Five Hundred, managed to have the meeting place of the councils switched from Paris to the old royal palace at Saint-Cloud, under the pretext of freeing the councils from the – now absent – influence of Parisians. Napoleon was put in charge of the troops. The next stage occurred when the entire Directory, motivated by Sieyà ¨s, resigned, aiming to force the councils to create a provisional government. Things didn’t go quite as planned and the next day, Brumaire 18th, Napoleon’s demand to the council for constitutional change was greeted frostily; there were even calls to outlaw him. At one stage he was scratched, and the wound bled. Lucien announced to the troops outside that a Jacobin had tried to assassinate his brother, and they followed orders to clear the meeting halls of the council. Later that day a quorum was reassembled to vote, and now things did go as planned: the legislature was suspended for six weeks while a committee of deputies revised the constitution. The provisional government was to be three consuls: Ducos, Sieyà ©s, and Bonaparte. The era of the Directory was over. The Consulate The new constitution was hurriedly written under the eye of Napoleon. Citizens would now vote for a tenth of themselves to form a communal list, which in turn selected a tenth to form a departmental list. A further tenth was then chosen for a national list. From these a new institution, a senate whose powers were not defined, would choose the deputies. The legislature remained bicameral, with a lower hundred member Tribunate which discussed legislation and an upper three hundred member Legislative Body which could only vote. Draft laws now came from the government via a council of state, a throwback to the old monarchical system. Sieyà ©s had originally wanted a system with two consuls, one for internal and external matters, selected by a lifetime ‘Grand Elector’ with no other powers; he had wanted Bonaparte in this role. However Napoleon disagreed and the constitution reflected his wishes: three consuls, with the first having most authority. He was to be first consul. The constitution was finished on December 15th and voted in late December 1799 to early January 1800. It passed. Napoleon Bonapartes Rise to Power and the End of Revolution Bonaparte now turned his attention to the wars, beginning a campaign which ended with the defeat of the alliance ranged against him. The Treaty of Lunà ©ville was signed in France’s favor with Austria while Napoleon began creating satellite kingdoms. Even Britain came to the negotiating table for peace. Bonaparte thus brought the French Revolutionary Wars to a close with triumph for France. While this peace was not to last for long, by then the Revolution was over. Having at first sent out conciliatory signals to royalists he then declared his refusal to invite the king back, purged Jacobin  survivors and then began rebuilding the republic. He created a Bank of France to manage state debt and produced a balanced budget in 1802. Law and order were reinforced by the creations of special prefects in each department, the use of the army and special courts which cut into the crime epidemic in France. He also began the creation of a uniform series of laws, the Civil Code which although not finished until 1804 were around in a draft format in 1801. Having finished the wars which had divided so much of France he also ended the schism with the Catholic Church by re-establishing the Church of France and signing a concordat with the Pope. In 1802 Bonaparte purged – bloodlessly - the Tribunate and other bodies after they and the senate and its president – Sieyà ¨s – had begun to criticize him and refuse to pass laws. Public support for him was now overwhelming and with his position secure he made more reforms, including making himself consul for life. Within two years he would crown himself Emperor of France. The Revolution was over and empire would soon begin

Assimilating to St. Mary's University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assimilating to St. Mary's University - Essay Example It also has two main academic libraries, Louis J. Blume Library and Sarita Kenedy East Law Library. Besides these, the institution has academic resource centers that aid students in their academic pursuits. Such centers include academic advising, academic technology services, information technology services, learning assistance center and an office for the retention of students. The university also offers special academic programs such as: b. Center for International Program: This mainly comprises of three main bodies, International Student and Scholar Services, Study Abroad Offices, and an Intensive English Program. This program is designed to help students have a touch of the complexities and intricacies of those living and working outside the US including their way of thinking. c. Marc U* Star Program: This is largely known as the Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) Undergraduate Student Training in Academic Research (U*STAR). This program provides students with majors in biochemistry, biology, physics and chemistry with the opportunity to finish their research training and work together with their faculty members. Other programs include Marianist Universities Student Exchange Program, Military Science, McNair Scholars program, PREP, Nelson Wolff Law Early Admission Program and the Undergraduate Research program. Admission to the university is both at the first year undergraduate, transfer undergraduate, international undergraduate, graduate, and law school levels. It also has an alumni body of students that allow for the ease of connection for the former students thus, making them to be in a close–knit form of community always, even when separated by miles apart. The campus life in the university engages students in various activities and from the coordination by the Dean of Students office, students are able to engage in several activities such recreational